Joseph Fourier University scientists have implanted the first functional glucose biofuel cell in a living animal, eliminating the need to surgically remove and replace a power-generating device for implants.

The device uses enzymes to harvest energy from glucose and oxygen found naturally in the body. The maximum power of the device was 6.5 microwatts, which approaches the 10 microwatts required by pacemakers.

The technology could be used for a range of applications, such as neural and bone-growth stimulators, drug delivery devices, insulin pumps, and biosensors.